The second solo album by Frank Zappa, Hot Rats (October 1969) is one of the most influential Jazz fusion albums ever. It marked Zappa's first recording project after the dissolution of the original version of The Mothers of Invention. Multi-instrumentalist Ian Underwood is the only member of the Mothers to appear on the album and was the primary musical collaborator.

Other featured musicians include bassists Max Bennett and Shuggie Otis; drummers John Guerin, Paul Humphrey and Ron Selico; and electric violinists Don "Sugarcane" Harris and Jean-Luc Ponty. The first Frank Zappa album recorded on 16-track equipment, Hot Rats was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, and was given a rating of 4½ stars in Al/Music, with Steve Huey stating that "few albums originating on the rock side of jazz-rock fusion flowed so freely between both sides of the equation, or achieved such unwavering excitement and energy". The model on the cover is Miss Christine, from the group GTO's.